In systems theory, the black box is an abstraction representing a class of concrete open system which can be viewed solely in terms of its stimuli inputs and output reactions: Both have focus on input and output flows, representing exchanges with the surroundings. System theory The open system theory is the foundation of black box theory. Many other engineers, scientists and epistemologists, such as Mario Bunge, used and perfected the black box theory in the 1960s. He saw the first step in self-organization as being to be able to copy the output behavior of a black box. A black box was described by Norbert Wiener in 1961 as an unknown system that was to be identified using the techniques of system identification. In cybernetics, a full treatment was given by Ross Ashby in 1956. Vitold Belevitch puts the concept of black-boxes even earlier, attributing the explicit use of two-port networks as black boxes to Franz Breisig in 1921 and argues that 2-terminal components were implicitly treated as black-boxes before that. Although Cauer did not himself use the term, others who followed him certainly did describe the method as black-box analysis. In electronic circuit theory the process of network synthesis from transfer functions, which led to electronic circuits being regarded as "black boxes" characterized by their response to signals applied to their ports, can be traced to Wilhelm Cauer who published his ideas in their most developed form in 1941. The modern meaning of the term "black box" seems to have entered the English language around 1945. History A black box model can be used to describe the outputs of systems. The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic are available for inspection, which is most commonly referred to as a white box (sometimes also known as a "clear box" or a "glass box"). The usual representation of this black box system is a data flow diagram centered in the box. To analyse an open system with a typical "black box approach", only the behavior of the stimulus/response will be accounted for, to infer the (unknown) box. The term can be used to refer to many inner workings, such as those of a transistor, an engine, an algorithm, the human brain, or an institution or government. Read the rules.In science, computing, and engineering, a black box is a system which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs (or transfer characteristics), without any knowledge of its internal workings. Whether it is yours or theirs, there are no allowable exceptions or appealable circumstances. Going there in any way at all will result in an irrevocable ban. Piracy / Crack / Hack discussion is not allowed. Provide the version of Pro Tools, the operating system, the error number, hardware involved, and what you have tried. The post title should only be a very short / concise description of the problem. If you are given given an error number, add it to the front of the post titleĭo not make sensationalized post titles like stating you need help (all posters do and it is not truly informative), urgency (it's always urgent), all caps, or excessive punctuation. Everyone is welcome, from industry veterans to bedroom engineers.īe sure to check out our wiki pages for more information regarding Pro Tools links to shortcuts, FAQs, Guides and Tutorials, Plugins and more. Subreddit Info and Rules Pro Tools Shortcuts Production & Engineering Subreddits FAQ Guides and Tutorials PlugIns r/ProTools on Discord About r/ProTools
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